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161.
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The molecular organization of the beta-globin complex of the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Padgett RW; Loeb DD; Snyder LR; Edgell MH; Hutchison CA d 《Molecular biology and evolution》1987,4(1):30-45
Recombinant DNA clones have been isolated that contain 80 kb of the
beta-globin complex from the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus.
Comparisons of this complex with that from the laboratory mouse, Mus
domesticus (with an order 5'-Hbby, Hbb-bhO, Hbb-bhl, Hbb-bh2, Hbb-bh3,
Hbb-bl, Hbb-b2 3') highlight organizational trends in the beta-globin
complex since the two species diverged. Unlike other mammals studied thus
far, the deer mouse possesses three adult genes. Partial sequence analysis
indicates that each of the three adult genes is intact and hence may be
functional. Hybridization of one of the two Mus pseudogenes, Hbb-bh3, to
genomic blots from Peromyscus reveals that it has a homologous counterpart
in Peromyscus. Homologous genes to the two gamma-like Mus genes, Hbb-bhO
and Hbb-bhl, are also found in Peromyscus. The strong hybridization between
the Hbb-bhl genes and significant nucleotide similarity between the Hbb-bhO
genes suggest that both pairs are important for the ontogeny of these mice
although no known product has been identified for the Hbb-bhO genes. The
presence of Hbb-bhO and Hbb-bhl in Peromyscus suggests that the duplication
that created this related gene set occurred before the two lineages
diverged. A single gene for Hbb-y has been isolated from Peromyscus. The
adult region in Peromyscus has undergone significant divergence from the
same region in Mus, having three rather than two adult genes, the
acquisition of at least 15 kb of extra DNA relative to Mus, and possibly
the loss of the Hbb-bh2 pseudogene. The nonadult region of the complex, in
contrast, contains the same set of genes apparently distributed over the
same amount of DNA as in the Mus beta- globin complex. This observation
suggests that the embryonic region of the complex is more evolutionarily
stable than the adult region.
相似文献
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A total of ninety acid, basic, and non-ionic dyes were screened for fluorescent staining of various Carnoy fixed rat tissues. It was found that the fluorescence/non-fluorescence of a dye could be predicted using a conjugated bond number (CBN) cut-off value. Thus 90% of dyes with CBNs of 29 or less were fluorescent; whilst 70% of dyes whose CBNs exceeded 30 were nonfluorescent. The cut-off value was not significantly influenced by the charge, or the hydrophobic-hydrophilic character of the dye; though fluorescence was greatly influenced by the mode of fixation. The CBN cut-off value proved surprisingly robust. Thus most fluorochromes found in the histochemical literature have small conjugated systems, with CBNs less than the cut-off value. This includes labels of immunoglobulins, vital stains of neurones, and fluorescent Schiff reagents. Conversely several dyes used to quench background autofluorescence have large conjugated systems, with CBNs substantially above the cut-off value. 相似文献
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Richard W. Horobin Juan C. Stockert F. Rashid-Doubell 《Histochemistry and cell biology》2013,139(5):623-637
Small-molecule fluorochromes are used in biology and medicine to generate informative microscopic and macroscopic images, permitting identification of cell structures, measurement of physiological/physicochemical properties, assessment of biological functions and assay of chemical components. Modes of uptake and precise intracellular localisation of a probe are typically significant factors in its successful application. These processes and localisations can be predicted using quantitative structure activity relations (QSAR) models, which correlate aspects of the physicochemical properties of the probes (expressed numerically) with the uptake/localisation. Pay-offs of such modelling include better understanding and trouble-shooting of current and novel probes, and easier design of future probes (“guided synthesis”). Uptake models discussed consider adsorptive (to lipid or protein domains), phagocytic and pinocytotic endocytosis, as well as passive diffusion. Localisation models discussed include those for cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lipid droplets, lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus and plasma membrane. A case example illustrates how such QSAR modelling of probe interactions can clarify localisation and mode of binding of probes to intracellular nucleic acids of living cells, including not only eukaryotic chromatin DNA and ribosomal RNA, but also prokaryote chromosomes. 相似文献
169.
Summary Cultured rat fibroblasts were exposed to 41 cationic fluorescent probes of very varied hydrophilicity/lipophilicity. Outcome of probe-cell interaction fell into one of the following categories: probe failed to enter the cells; probe accumulated on cell surfaces; probe accumulated in mitochondria, and/or in other intracellular regions. The observations were analysed using a Simplistic Chinese Box (SCB) approach, and the following conclusions were reached. It was the hydrophilic probes which failed to enter cells, whilst extremely lipophilic probes were retained on the cell surfaces. Only the slightly lipophilic cationic probes were permeant, and accumulated in mitochondria. Using the probes log P values to model hydrophilicity/lipophilicity, effective cationic mitochondrial stains can be specified numerically so: 0P
probe<+5. This SCB model was used to rationalise a variety of earlier observations on the action of mitochondrial probes. The applicability of the SCB approach to integrate image-based and biochemical investigations was demonstrated by using the action of chlorpromazine on mitochondrial action as a case example. 相似文献